The monograph is devoted to the methodological foundations and basic problems of the anthropological concept of "first philosophy" in Ernst Tugendhat - one of the most important contemporary representatives of post-war continental philosophy. The first part of the thesis is concerned with a critical reflection on Tugendhat's conception of philosophy in connection with his proposition-based theory of intentionality and the hermeneutic concept of understanding, the leitmotif of which was and is Husserl's idea of "critical responsibility for truth". The central theme of this part of the thesis is the most influential critique of Heidegger's notion of truth and its actual reflection in the works of contemporary authors. The second part of the monograph is based on the methodological requirement of the "first philosophy" as a unified starting point for the theoretical and practical reflection of acceptance of the responsibility for the normative life of the community as a whole The monograph represents a unique systematic attempt to critically reflect on Tugendhat's philosophy as a whole, and not only in the domestic and Central european context.