The starting point of this thesis is a critical analysis of the philosophical and political context of Kant’s treatise “Towards Perpetual Peace.” The graduate will explain the relationship between Kant’s political thought and transcendental philosophy, without the understanding of which the analysis of the concepts of Kant’s political philosophy is impossible. Thus, the author will focus on some of the main problems of Kant’s philosophy, which are hidden behind the terms freedom, law, the idea of law, the state, the state system, constitutionalism, liberalism, republicanism, cosmopolitanism, etc. The thesis will show how these main concepts of the philosophy of politics are formally and substantively defined by Kant himself and will compare Kant’s understanding of them with their understanding in contemporary political contexts, in particular the European Union.