The book describes the intellectual activities of the thinkers of the early German Enlightenment (Leibniz, Wolff, Bilfinger, and others) in their philosophical reception of the cultural achievements of ancient China on the basis of Jesuit translations of major works of the Chinese intellectual tradition. This first systematic reflection on the very different Chinese world took place in the historical context explored in this book. What is remarkable is the openness to many of the fundamental ideas of Chinese thought with which the German Enlightenment called for cultural exchange with China. They were aware of China's enormous potential and promoted intercultural contact by all available means, without examining in advance who would or would not be its hegemon. They proceeded on the assumption of the equality of the two civilizations, which has never been refuted. Today, when we are suffering from the syndrome of planet-wide dissemination of mutual hatred and the examination of Chinese culture and its intellectual tradition by unintelligent journalism, Enlightenment rational inclusion could be an example to us.