The dissertation responds from a philosophical-anthropological perspective to the topical issue of the extensive and ongoing change of geological-climatic conditions on planet Earth. These changes are captured by the concept of the Anthropocene, which is defined by the basic idea of the extensive human impact on the functionality of the Earth System as a whole. In addition to the intense interest in anthropogenic influences, the basic idea of the Anthropocene has also produced a variety of perspectives through which the word “human” is interpreted in discussions of the Anthropocene. While the conceptual pluralism in anthropology points to the transdisciplinary aspect of the Anthropocene discourse, from a philosophical perspective there is a lack of mutual theoretical understanding of the term “human” and clarification of its overall meaning in the context of the Anthropocene. The objective of this dissertation is to develop a systematic understanding of the concept of “human” within the context of the Anthropocene. This will be achieved by elucidating the meaning of selected conceptions of the human and critically analyzing the relationship between these conceptions and the concept of the Anthropocene.